A further issue identified by those researchers is that contrary to the commonly held misconception that the internet is a uniform “cloud” that hangs over the land with data able to travel “as the crow flies”, in fact there are relatively few “hubs” or “exchanges” through which most data passes and so most traffic heads for a nearby hub and then gets routed from there. However, research published on websites such as and (pronounced “icks maps”, short for “internet exchange maps”) confirms that computing resources do not dictate the route data travels, but rather commercial contracts and political factors overrule technological efficiency and data is routed different depending on, amongst other factors, which internet service providers the senders and recipients use, and what licencing agreements those companies have, including with United States internet services providers. One might assume that concerns regarding speed and efficient use of computer resources would dictate that internet traffic would travel the shortest, or close to the shortest, route between two points.
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